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See Box 5-1 for a summary of these four core ideas and their components. C: Information Technologies and Instrumentation Core Idea PS1 Matter and Its Interactions How can one explain the structure, properties, and interactions of matter?
The first three physical science core ideas answer two fundamental questions—“What is everything made of? ”—that are not unlike questions that students themselves might ask. D: Energy in Chemical Processes and Everyday Life Core Idea PS4: Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer PS4. The existence of atoms, now supported by evidence from modern instruments, was first postulated as a model that could explain both qualitative and quantitative observations about matter (e.g., Brownian motion, ratios of reactants and products in chemical reactions).
Under a given set of conditions, the state and some properties (e.g., density, elasticity, viscosity) are the same for different bulk quantities of a substance, whereas other properties (e.g., volume, mass) provide measures of the size of the sample at hand.
And because such explanations and predictions rely on a basic understanding of matter and energy, students’ abilities to conceive of the interactions of matter and energy are central to their science education. C: Stability and Instability in Physical Systems Core Idea PS3: Energy PS3. The states (i.e., solid, liquid, gas, or plasma), properties (e.g., hardness, conductivity), and reactions (both physical and chemical) of matter can be described and predicted based on the types, interactions, and motions of the atoms within it.
The three core ideas are PS1: Matter and Its Interactions, PS2: Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions, and PS3: Energy.